Word Formation: Prefixes, Suffixes, and How Words Are Built
English words कैसे बनते हैं — prefixes, suffixes और roots के साथ — word class, meaning changes और परीक्षा के लिए अभ्यास।
English words को Lego blocks की तरह बनाती है:
succeed (verb) → success (noun) → successful (adjective) → unsuccessful (adjective, opposite) → successfully (adverb)
Prefixes और suffixes कैसे काम करते हैं ये जानने से आप unfamiliar words समझ सकते हैं, fill-in-the-blank questions में सही word class चुन सकते हैं, और ऐसी errors से बच सकते हैं जैसे “He is an honesty person” के बजाय “He is an honest person.”
Rule box: Prefixes (शुरुआत में) meaning बदलते हैं। Suffixes (अंत में) word class (part of speech) बदलते हैं। Common सीखें और systematically लगाएँ।
| Prefix | अर्थ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| un- | नहीं | unhappy, unable, unusual |
| re- | फिर से | rewrite, rebuild, reconsider |
| dis- | नहीं / opposite | disagree, disappear, dishonest |
| mis- | ग़लत तरीक़े से | misunderstand, misspell, mislead |
| pre- | पहले | preview, prehistoric, prepaid |
| post- | बाद में | postpone, postgraduate |
| over- | ज़्यादा | overwork, overcook, overestimate |
| under- | कम | underpaid, undercooked, underrated |
| im- | नहीं (b, m, p से पहले) | impossible, immortal, impolite |
| il- | नहीं (l से पहले) | illegal, illogical |
| ir- | नहीं (r से पहले) | irregular, irresponsible, irrational |
| Suffix | बनाता है | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| -tion / -sion | noun | education, decision, permission |
| -ment | noun | development, agreement, improvement |
| -ness | noun | happiness, kindness, darkness |
| -er / -or | noun (person/thing) | teacher, actor, computer |
| -ful | adjective (भरा हुआ) | careful, beautiful, hopeful |
| -less | adjective (बिना) | careless, homeless, endless |
| -ous | adjective | dangerous, famous, nervous |
| -ive | adjective | creative, active, productive |
| -able / -ible | adjective (योग्य) | comfortable, visible, readable |
| -ly | adverb | quickly, carefully, happily |
| -ize | verb | organize, realize, modernize |
| -en | verb | widen, strengthen, darken |
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|---|
| succeed | success | successful | successfully |
| decide | decision | decisive | decisively |
| create | creation | creative | creatively |
| educate | education | educational | educationally |
| develop | development | developed | — |
| improve | improvement | improved | — |
| govern | government | governmental | — |
| inform | information | informative | informatively |
ये दो suffixes opposites बनाते हैं:
| -ful (भरा हुआ) | -less (बिना) |
|---|---|
| careful | careless |
| hopeful | hopeless |
| useful | useless |
| powerful | powerless |
| meaningful | meaningless |
❌ He is an honesty person.
✅ He is an honest person.
Honesty noun है। Honest adjective है। Person को describe करने के लिए adjective चाहिए।
- कौन सी part of speech चाहिए? Noun, adjective, verb, या adverb?
- वह suffix चुनें जो वह word class बनाता है। Adjective चाहिए? -ful, -less, -ous, -ive, -al, -able try करें। Noun चाहिए? -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity। Adverb चाहिए? -ly उपयोग करें।
- क्या meaning बदलना है? Prefix उपयोग करें: un- (नहीं), re- (फिर से), dis- (opposite), mis- (ग़लत तरीक़े से)।
- Spelling changes की जाँच करें। कुछ prefixes form बदलते हैं: im-, il-, ir-।
- क्या word exist करता है? सभी combinations काम नहीं करते। Unpossible → impossible। Unlegal → illegal।
- Succeed (verb) → Success (noun) → Successful (adjective)
- Careful (care से भरा) vs Careless (care बिना)
- Honest (adjective) → Honesty (noun)
- Rewrite (re- = फिर से + write)
- Misunderstand (mis- = ग़लत तरीक़े से + understand)
- Impossible (im- = नहीं + possible)
- Development (develop + -ment = noun)
- Beautiful (beauty + -ful = adjective)
- Quickly (quick + -ly = adverb)
- International (inter- + national = देशों के बीच)
❌ He is an honesty person.
✅ He is an honest person.
❌ Unpossible
✅ Impossible
❌ Unlegal
✅ Illegal
❌ Unregular
✅ Irregular
❌ Be careless! (जब आप कहना चाहते हैं: सावधान रहो)
✅ Be careful!
❌ She speaks quick.
✅ She speaks quickly.
❌ He is a carefully driver.
✅ He is a careful driver.
❌ Beautifulness
✅ Beauty (preferred)
| ग़लत | सही | क्यों |
|---|---|---|
| He is an honesty person. | He is an honest person. | Adjective चाहिए। |
| Unpossible | Impossible | im- p से पहले। |
| Be careful! (सावधान रहो) | ✅ सही है | -ful = भरा हुआ। |
| She speaks quick. | She speaks quickly. | Adverb चाहिए। |
सही form चुनिए या error ढूढ़िए।
- He is a ___ person. (honest / honesty)
- Please ___ the letter. (rewrite / re-write)
- The movie was ___ . (enjoyable / enjoyment)
- Error spotting: This is unpossible.
- Error spotting: He is an honesty man.
- Error spotting: She runs quick.
- Fill in the blank: His ___ was appreciated. (kind / kindness)
- Fill in the blank: Be ___ ! (careful / careless)
- Rewrite correctly: He made a decide.
- Choose: The ___ was impressive. (perform / performance)
- honest — adjective चाहिए।
- rewrite — re- + write।
- enjoyable — adjective suffix -able।
- This is impossible. — im- p से पहले।
- He is an honest man. — adjective चाहिए।
- She runs quickly. — adverb चाहिए।
- kindness — noun चाहिए।
- careful — care से भरा।
- He made a decision. — noun form।
- performance — noun चाहिए।
Rule: Prefixes meaning बदलते हैं (un-, re-, dis-, mis-, im-/il-/ir-)। Suffixes word class बदलते हैं (-tion/-ment = noun, -ful/-less = adjective, -ly = adverb)। जिस part of speech की ज़रूरत है उसके लिए सही suffix चुनें।
Memory trick: “Prefixes meaning shift करते हैं। Suffixes class shift करते हैं। -Ful भरता है। -Less खाली करता है। -Ly adverbs बनाता है।”
ये revise करें:
- Succeed → success → successful → successfully
- Careful (care से भरा) vs careless (care बिना)
- Honest (adjective) → honesty (noun)
- Rewrite (फिर से + write)
- Impossible (नहीं + possible)
संबंधित पोस्ट: